#7 - From paragraph to essay
From paragraph to essay
Book: Hudson, H & Imhoof M. "From Paragraph to Essay. Developing Composition Writing" Longman.
- Paragraph development by listing
This type of paragraphs have several parts. First, paragraph introducers (both a topic introducer and a topic sentence or just a topic sentence). Next, supporting examples are listed with the aid of connectors. Sometimes transitions or modulator sentences are used between different sets of ideas. Finally, a terminator sentence brings the paragraph to a logical conclusion.
Example:
Human
heart needs medicine to be kind, generous, humble and helpful. First, we have
to read The Koran with its meaning. That makes us know the good values from the
Koran. Second, we have to do night praying like Tahajud; by that praying we get
good relationship with Allah. Third, we have to empty our stomach by fasting
like we fast on Monday or Thursday. Fourth, we must gather with pious people because
we can get the good sample from them. Last, we have to Dzikir at mid night, by
this way we can get fresh and feel comfort in our heart. I am sure if you can
do those ways, Allah will fill your necessity and those ways can make anybody a
good person.
Analysis
The paragraph begins with a topic sentence and then continues with different examples connected by: first, second, etc. At the end, we encounter the terminator sentence.
Source
Amador, Dany. (n.d.) What is a listing paragraph
Site: http://www.academia.edu/9230335/What_is_a_listing_paragraph
- Paragraph development by examples
The example paragraph is a kind of list paragraph, in which example sentences closely support the topic sentence. There is, of course, a terminator.
This paragraph begins with a topic sentence and continues with two examples which support it. The examples are introduced by: "For example" and "Also". These work as transitional words, used to move from one example to the following one. The paragraph ends with a terminator, which restates in different words the centra ideas of the topic sentence.
Source
Kwan, Angela. (2011) Embracing Commonwealth Values in Youth Development.
Site: http://www.colelearning.net/cyp/unit2/page4.html
My hometown and my college town have several things in common. First, both are small rural communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock, has a population of only about 10,000 people. Similarly, my college town, Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This population swells to 15,000 people when the college students are attending classes. A second way in which these two towns are similar is that they are both located in rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in the center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle. Thirdly, both of these towns are similar in that both contain college campuses. Gridlock, for example, is home to Neutron College, which is famous for its Agricultural Economics program as well as for its annual Corn-Watching Festival. Likewise, the town of Subnormal boasts the beautiful campus of Quark College, which is well known for its Agricultural Engineering department and also for its yearly Hog-Calling Contest.
Analysis
In this case, the paragraph follows the first procedure. Examples related to both subjects, in this case two small rural communities, alternate through the paragraph. As usual, the topic sentence is at the beginning of the paragraph.
Source
F. Scott Walters (2000) Site: http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/fwalters/compcont.html#contrast
Example
Rights in positive law are freedoms or protections which are written down in statutes and legally enforceable. For example, in Britain in 2006, the Al Qaeda terrorist campaign pushed the government into the making of laws that clearly threaten what many people consider their natural law rights of movement around the country. Also, in 2002, Zimbabwe was suspended for a year from the Councils of the Commonwealth after the critical report by the Commonwealth Observer Group studying the presidential election. Both states insisted that, while their laws did threaten certain natural law freedoms, those laws were necessary for the well-being of the state i.e. that they were positive law principles.
AnalysisThis paragraph begins with a topic sentence and continues with two examples which support it. The examples are introduced by: "For example" and "Also". These work as transitional words, used to move from one example to the following one. The paragraph ends with a terminator, which restates in different words the centra ideas of the topic sentence.
Source
Kwan, Angela. (2011) Embracing Commonwealth Values in Youth Development.
Site: http://www.colelearning.net/cyp/unit2/page4.html
- Paragraph development by comparison
These paragraphs compare similar aspects or qualities of two subjects. Two different procedures can be followed in order to write a comparison paragraph successfully. In the first procedure, an example related to one subject alternates with an example related to another subject. In the second procedure, all examples of the first subject are listed together, followed by all examples of the second subject.
Example
My hometown and my college town have several things in common. First, both are small rural communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock, has a population of only about 10,000 people. Similarly, my college town, Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This population swells to 15,000 people when the college students are attending classes. A second way in which these two towns are similar is that they are both located in rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in the center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle. Thirdly, both of these towns are similar in that both contain college campuses. Gridlock, for example, is home to Neutron College, which is famous for its Agricultural Economics program as well as for its annual Corn-Watching Festival. Likewise, the town of Subnormal boasts the beautiful campus of Quark College, which is well known for its Agricultural Engineering department and also for its yearly Hog-Calling Contest.
Analysis
In this case, the paragraph follows the first procedure. Examples related to both subjects, in this case two small rural communities, alternate through the paragraph. As usual, the topic sentence is at the beginning of the paragraph.
Source
F. Scott Walters (2000) Site: http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/fwalters/compcont.html#contrast
- Paragraph development by contrast
The contrast paragraph compares dissimilar aspects of two subjects. Two different procedures may be followed in writing this type of paragraphs. The first method alternates examples of subject "A" with examples of subject "B"; the contrasts may be in the same sentence, or they may be in consecutive sentences. The other method presents all subject "A" examples together, then all subject "B" examples together.
Common transitional words employed in this type of paragraph are: Unlike, on the other hand, in contrast, etc.
Example
Even
though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are
strikingly different in many ways. For example, the physical size of each state
is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles, whereas
Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214
square miles. Another difference is in the size of the population of each state.
Arizona has about four million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less
than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural
environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state,
consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year.
However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of
44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state
and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have
a significant coastline.
Analysis
The paragraph starts by the topic sentence and it is developed according the first procedure. Examples stating the differences between Arizona and Rhode Island are alternated through the paragraph.
Source
F. Scott Walters (2000) Site: http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/fwalters/compcont.html#contrast
Source
F. Scott Walters (2000) Site: http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/fwalters/compcont.html#contrast
- Paragraph development by definition
A definition paragraph describes, explains, or defines an unfamiliar term by relating that which is unknown to that which is already known. It makes use of techniques of comparison, contrast, and synthesis, often in combination. It generally ends with a sentence that summarises the distinctive features of the term being defined.
These paragraphs are often used at the beginning of longer papers or books to define a new subject. They also serve as summaries of longer essays or chapters.
Example
These paragraphs are often used at the beginning of longer papers or books to define a new subject. They also serve as summaries of longer essays or chapters.
Example
In nursing research, paradigms are essential to help to place the research into
a broader context. According to Polit and Hungler (1997) paradigms
constitute a worldview or a general perspective on the complexities of the real
world. More specifically, paradigms for human inquiry are often characterized
in terms of the way in which they respond to basic philosophical questions. In this sense of the term, then, paradigms are more than typical examples or
models. Rather, they demonstrate relationships between ideas and provide a
basis for a methodology or a theory, and as such, they are useful as lenses for
viewing and interpreting significant, substantive issues to the discipline. Thus,
paradigms that are often used for nursing research, such as empiricist,
interpretive and critical social paradigms, provide frames that hold the
vocabulary, theories, principles, presuppositions and values related to an inquiry.
Analysis
In the paragraph below, the writer defines the term paradigm. It starts with a topic sentence that introduces the term to be defined and suggests the importance of the term to the paper. Then, the writer gives a definition of the term from a source and then draws the boundaries of the term in sentence 3 by specifying the part of the definition that applies to the topic. Finally, the writer concludes by giving examples of the term that will be addressed in the paper.
Source
Mary Ratsensperger (2017) Nursing research.
Site: http://writesite.athabascau.ca/documentation/Sample%20of%20a%20paragraph%20developed%20by%20definition.pdf
Analysis
In the paragraph below, the writer defines the term paradigm. It starts with a topic sentence that introduces the term to be defined and suggests the importance of the term to the paper. Then, the writer gives a definition of the term from a source and then draws the boundaries of the term in sentence 3 by specifying the part of the definition that applies to the topic. Finally, the writer concludes by giving examples of the term that will be addressed in the paper.
Source
Mary Ratsensperger (2017) Nursing research.
Site: http://writesite.athabascau.ca/documentation/Sample%20of%20a%20paragraph%20developed%20by%20definition.pdf
- Paragraph development by classification
In a classification paragraph, it is important to set up adequate categories and equally important to define what goes into these categories. The purpose is to group a large number of items or ideas into a small number of classes.
Example
A computer language used for creating web documents can be classified according to its purpose: HTML, JavaScript, and CCS. The first type of computer language, HTML, is the basic language for creating an HTML, or web document. HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language was developed in the 1980’s and revised until it reached its current form. The style and content of a webpage is determined by HTML code, tags, and attributes. A text file ending with the.html extension is written in a text editor such as Notepad, and then interpreted by a browser. For example, the MSUGF homepage contains images, text, links, headers and other HTML elements specified by HTML code which causes it to display in a web browser such as Internet Explorer. The second type of computer language, CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets is also a language used for creating web pages; however, its purpose is to describe a pages structure and style. An inline, embedded, or external style-sheet is used in accompaniment to HTML and indicates styles for features like fonts, colors, images and text. CSS is also used to position elements on a web page, and to format how the page is displayed on various output devices, including printed documents, monitors and handheld devices. The third language, JavaScript, is a computer language used for creating executable applications in web documents. Like HTML and CSS, JavaScript is created with a text editor and displayed by a browser. An application is composed of objects like expressions, variables, values and operators. An automatically updated time or date on a web page is a JavaScript application. A script can be produced for various functions including hiding e-mail addresses from spammers, or performing mathematical functions. HTML, JavaScript, and CSS computer languages used for indicating the style, content, and formatting of elements within web pages are constantly being revised to improve usability for the programmer and the end-user and to offer endless options for web design.
A computer language used for creating web documents can be classified according to its purpose: HTML, JavaScript, and CCS. The first type of computer language, HTML, is the basic language for creating an HTML, or web document. HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language was developed in the 1980’s and revised until it reached its current form. The style and content of a webpage is determined by HTML code, tags, and attributes. A text file ending with the.html extension is written in a text editor such as Notepad, and then interpreted by a browser. For example, the MSUGF homepage contains images, text, links, headers and other HTML elements specified by HTML code which causes it to display in a web browser such as Internet Explorer. The second type of computer language, CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets is also a language used for creating web pages; however, its purpose is to describe a pages structure and style. An inline, embedded, or external style-sheet is used in accompaniment to HTML and indicates styles for features like fonts, colors, images and text. CSS is also used to position elements on a web page, and to format how the page is displayed on various output devices, including printed documents, monitors and handheld devices. The third language, JavaScript, is a computer language used for creating executable applications in web documents. Like HTML and CSS, JavaScript is created with a text editor and displayed by a browser. An application is composed of objects like expressions, variables, values and operators. An automatically updated time or date on a web page is a JavaScript application. A script can be produced for various functions including hiding e-mail addresses from spammers, or performing mathematical functions. HTML, JavaScript, and CSS computer languages used for indicating the style, content, and formatting of elements within web pages are constantly being revised to improve usability for the programmer and the end-user and to offer endless options for web design.
Analysis
In this paragraph 3 computer languages used for creating web documents are classified according to its purpose. The paragraph starts with a topic sentence and ends with a terminator. The body details and exemplifies the different languages mentioned in the topic sentence.
Source:
Byron, Kelly (2005). Computer language used for creating web documents.
Site: http://english120.pbworks.com/w/page/19006816/classification%20paragraphs
In this paragraph 3 computer languages used for creating web documents are classified according to its purpose. The paragraph starts with a topic sentence and ends with a terminator. The body details and exemplifies the different languages mentioned in the topic sentence.
Source:
Byron, Kelly (2005). Computer language used for creating web documents.
Site: http://english120.pbworks.com/w/page/19006816/classification%20paragraphs
Comentarios
Publicar un comentario